农肥和化肥对黑土氮素淋溶的影响

Effects of manure and chemical fertilizers application on nitrogen leaching in black soil

采用树脂袋法,研究了培肥措施对黑土氮素淋溶的影响。结果表明,①2006年和2007年施化肥的3个处理土壤NO3--N淋失量显著高于施农肥处理,其中2006年化肥高量、化肥低量和农化1:1的3个处理分别是对照的36.88、28.91和27.06倍,是农肥高量处理的8.29、6.49和6.08倍;2007年不同培肥处理总体表现为化肥高量>化肥低量>农肥高量>农化1:1>农肥低量>对照,各处理60 cm土层NO3--N淋溶量均大于30 cm土层NO3--N淋溶量;②不施肥处理比施肥处理土壤NO3--N淋溶量低,在施用等量氮素条件下,农肥施用处理的淋失率要远远小于化肥施用处理,玉米氮的平均淋失损失占所施氮肥的1.4%～13.6%,单施用农肥NO3--N淋失率才只有1.4%～5.2%,而使用化肥的处理NO3--N淋失率则高达12.5%～15%;大豆氮的平均淋失损失占所施氮肥的0.5%～4.3%,单施用农肥NO3--N淋失率只有0.5%～0.81%,而使用化肥的处理NO3--N淋失率则高达2.97%～4.3%;③土壤pH与土壤NO3--N淋失量呈负相关;④土壤NO3--N含量与土壤NO3--N淋溶量呈正相关,随着土层的加深,土壤NO3--N含量降低,深层土壤NO3--N含量对土壤NO3--N淋溶影响更显著;⑤土壤NO3--N淋溶量随土壤硝化强度的增强而增加,硝化作用强度是影响土壤NO3--N淋溶主要因素。

The effects of manure and chemical fertilizers application on nitrogen leaching in Black soil were studied by using the resin bags method.The main results were as follows： ① NO3--N leaching contents of three chemical fertilizers treatments in 2006 and 2007 were much higher than those of manure treatments.In 2006,the high chemical fertilizer treatment,the low chemical fertilizer treatment and the manure and chemical fertilizers in equal ratio treatment were higher than those of CK which were 36.88,28.91 and 27.06 times and the same higher than the high manure treatment were 8.29,6.49 and 6.08 times.In 2007,different fertilizer treatments were the high chemical fertilizerlow chemical fertilizerhigh manure fertilizermanure and chemical fertilizers in equal ratiolow manure fertilizerCK.② NO3--N leaching contents of CK were lower than those of fertilizers treatments.The manure fertilizer rate of NO3--N leaching loss was much lower than that of the chemical fertilizer in the same nitrogen content conditions.The average rate of NO3--N leaching loss of maize was from 1.4% to 13.6%.The rate of NO3--N leaching loss with single manure fertilizer was only from 1.4% to 5.2%,but the rate of NO3--N leaching loss with chemical fertilizer was from 12.5% to15%.And this was the same as that of the soybean.The average rate of NO3--N leaching loss of soybean wasfrom 0.5% to 4.3%.The rate of NO3--N leaching loss with single manure fertilizer was only from 0.5% to 0.81%,but the rate of NO3--N leaching loss with chemical fertilizer was from 2.97% to 4.3%.③ A negative correlation was found between pH and NO3--N leaching contents.④ The correlations between NO3--N contents and NO3--N leaching contents were positive.The deeper soil layers,the lower NO3--N contents.The impacts of NO3--N contents of deep soil layers on NO3--N leaching contents were more remarkable.⑤ NO3--N leaching contents of soil were increased with the improvements of nitrifying capacity.The main factors to influenceNO3--N leaching contents was the nitrifying capacity.