探讨大学物理实验教学中物理常量的使用和测量结果的表示

Usage of physical constants and expression of measured results in teaching of college physics experiments

指出并探讨当前大学物理实验教学尚存部分内容陈旧落后、与科学技术发展脱节以及是否采用国际、国家通用标准等问题.通过介绍基本物理常量的研究进展,建议在教学中采用国际科学技术数据委员会2006年推荐的基本物理常量;根据国内外学术惯例及国家标准,提出测量结果不确定度的表示方法;为避免有效数字缺乏统一的定义或引起误解,建议在实验教学中用修约间隔规定后的修约值来代替有效位数的概念,同时要引入修约间隔的概念;最后,给出了微小标准差的可忽略准则.

This paper discusses some issues on teaching of college physics experiments.Some contents of courses in current teaching are obsolete and divorces from science and technology development,and some general national and international standards are not adopted.Several suggestions are presented to resolve these problems.The newest fundamental physical constants recommended by the committee on data for science and technology（CODATA） in 2006 are suggested to be adopted.According to national standards and scholarly customs,the expression of the uncertainty of measurement is presented.To avoid that significance figure has not a uniform definition and hence lead to ambiguity and misunderstanding,rounding vale with certain rounding interval is proposed to replace significance figure.At last,the criterion of negligible standard deviation is redefined.