历史的开显与阐释

The Representation and Interpretation of History

从对历史是什么、历史何以可能的不同回答以及其中内含的思维与哲学上的差异来看,学术史上实际存在着四种历史研究及其反思形态:自然主义历史观是一种"法自然"的历史意识,因为人和语言均属于天然世界的一部分,故历史是一种自然而然的记事行为,历史的真实源出于它的天然性,它是不必证明的自然之真;客观科学主义的历史论视历史为客观的发生在过去的事情,它借助自然科学的研究方法,力图重新恢复历史的"自然"真实性与可靠性,但其真实性实乃源出于一种二元论的理性观念设定,其所能指向的只是一种逻辑化的世界和历史;存在主义哲学及其解释学的历史观则追问历史何以可能,为一切史学奠定了存在的根基,敞明了一个更为真实的历史和真理,并倡导一种非实体(本体)、非二元论的哲学思维范式;后现代主义与新历史主义历史观认为历史是一种文本间的、语言学上的建构,历史是一种话语和权力游戏,把客观科学主义的历史论正好颠倒了过来。

There are four types of researches and self-examination forms in academic history:historical naturalism,objective scientism,existentialism philosophy and its Hermeneutics,and Post-modernism and Neo-historianism.Historical naturalism believes in 'Emulating Nature'.Since human and languages are both parts of the natural world,the history is therefore undoubtedly an action with natural essence.As for objective scientism,history is regarded as an objective occurrence in the past.By applying research methods of natural science,scholars attempt to resume the 'natural' reliability and credibility of history.Unfortunately,the resumed reliability is rational only in logics,due to its dualistic ideology hypothesis.On the other hand,existentialism philosophy and its Hermeneutics examines minutely how history come into being,establishes the foundation of the science of history,and reveals a more realistic history and truth as well.As regards Post-modernism and Neo-historianism,history is believed to be the construction of text and linguistics,a discourse,and a game of power.It reverses the concepts held by objective scientism completely.