美国在1973—1974年石油禁运期间的外交决策过程

U.S.Diplomatic Decision-Making During the Oil Embargo of 1973—1974

20世纪70年代,石油已经逐步取代煤炭成为主要能源之一。1973—1974年爆发的第一次石油危机使以美国为首的多数石油消费国在内政外交上陷入困境之中,并在很大程度上影响了美国外交政策,使得"能源安全"成为美国政策制定的一个新的重要标准。本文在综合利用相关文献的基础上,对美国在此次危机期间制定政策的背景,相关决策层,具体措施,以及政策的特点和结果进行较为系统的论述和考察。

In the 1970s, Oil had been gradually replacing coal as a main energy source. As oil had supported the rapid development of the world economy, the oil crisis of 1973-1974 had a substantial impact on the world economy. This oil crisis also led the US （and other oil-consuming countries） into a diplomatic dilemma, greatly affected U.S. foreign policy, and brought about a new ＂energy securi- ty＂ policy standard in the United States. Based on original documents, this paper analyzes the background of U.S. decision-making and the decision makers, and the process of policy implementation during this oil crisis. In addition, this paper also discusses the characteristics and results of U.S. policy during this period.