从对话伦理想象传播的德性——哈贝马斯、阿佩尔和巴赫金对话思想的比较与思考

Imagining the Morality of Communication from the Perspective of Discourse Ethics:Comparison of and Reflections on Discourse Thoughts of Habermas,Apel and Bakhtin

哈贝马斯、阿佩尔和巴赫金共同致力于一种对话伦理的建构,但他们的取向并不全然相同。哈贝马斯注重交往伦理学,以沟通为目的,是一种弱对话形式;阿佩尔受研究共同体的启发,发展了一种论辩伦理学,要求一种非常理想而严格的强对话形式,类似心灵相通的要求;巴赫金的则是一种散漫的对话主义,更加接近耶稣式的撒播。前两者实际上要求一种相对比较规范的对话伦理,容易导致封闭和"独白化"。相比之下,巴赫金的理论具有更加彻底的宽容性和"对话性"。在差异之上,是他们共同的道德激情和对传播德性的追寻:在这个缺乏信仰和不确定的年代,确实需要深入思考传播伦理问题,以发展出一种更具弹性、更宽容、更能产的道德探讨机制,而开放的对话思维是可选择的路径之一。

Though all devoted to the establishment of a discourse ethics, Habermas, Apel and Bakhtin differ from each other in terms of the orientations of their theories. Habermas focuses on communication-oriented communicative ethics--a weak discourse. Inspired by his own research of ＂community＂, Apel developed argumentation ethics which calls for an ideal and rigid strong discourse similar to telepathy. Bakhtin＇s is a loose discourse, closer to Jesus-style dissemination. The former two call for a relatively standard discourse ethics and may result in closure and ＂monologization＂. In comparison, Bakhtin＇s theory is more tolerant and ＂dialogic＂. What the three philosophers share in common is the passion towards ethics and pursuit of the morality of communication. In an era lacking belief and full of uncertainties, thorough reflections on the ethics of communication may lead to more flexible, tolerant and productive mechanisms of discussing ethics, and to achieve this, an open discourse is one of the promising paths.