洪武初年甘肃地缘政治与明朝西北疆界政策——由冯胜“弃地”事件引发的思考

The Geopolitics of Gansu Region and the Ming Policies to the Northwest Territory during the Hongwu period:Centered with the Event of General Feng Sheng’s Retreat from Gansu Region

洪武五年“岭北之役”中，冯胜彻底放弃了包括宁夏在内的甘肃行省广大地域，其原因是“惧回鹘之兵”，即惧怕当时势力正盛的东察合台汗国的东进。但北元和东察合台汗国皆受困于其他地区的军事行动，未趁机进取甘肃，而以甘肃为战略版图中的“边缘地带”。这就给明朝重新收复甘肃提供了时间与机会。但明朝在甘肃的经略也止于沙州与哈密，原因是明朝作为建立在东南部的政权，同样将甘肃地区作为“边缘地带”，满足于收复元朝旧疆。冯胜放弃甘肃的主观原因是他对甘肃中唐以来“北方民族化”的社会文化面貌觉得隔膜。明初西北疆界格局与洪武初年明朝、北元、东察合台汗国三方政权在甘肃地区形成的地缘政治格局密切相关。

After the frustrated Campaign of Lingbei(岭北之役) against the Northern Yuan in the fifth year of the Hongwu period,General Feng Sheng(冯胜) abandoned the vast area of Gansu region including Ningxia.The reason for him to do so was concerning the possibility attack from the Eastern Chagatai Khanate.However,it turned out to be that neither the Northern Yuan,nor the Chagatai Khanate took this advance to march into Gansu region because they were both trapped in military actions in other regions and had to look at Gansu as a rim land.This should have had provided Ming with an opportunity to retake this region,which didn't happen either.The Ming stopped at Shazhou and Hami,satisfied with inheriting the overthrown Yuan's territory,and treated Gansu as a rim land as well.Feng Sheng's subjective motivation in this event should also be taken as a relevant factor.He felt estranged with the social cultural situation of that region where had been strongly influenced by the northern ethnical groups since the Tang Dynasty.In general words,the formation of the Ming frontier in its northwest territory was an outcome of the triangle geopolitical situation of the Ming,the Northern Yuan,and the Eastern Chagatai Khanate.