中国不同植稻方式的形成和优劣分析及在麦稻两熟地区的应用

Analyses of Formation,Strengths and Weaknesses of Different Rice Cultivation Modes and Application in the Area of Rice-wheat System

从中国水稻不同种植方式的形成与发展看,每一种植稻方式都是广大劳动人民在长期稻作实践中为适应不同生产条件、不同经济发展水平的人群需求而不断探索总结出来的。因此,各植稻方式均有其自身的优势与不足。传统育秧手栽方式能延长水稻生育时间获得高产,并有利于增加复种指数提高土地的产出率。但费工费时,劳动强度大,效率低,与农业现代化进程及现代人的生活方式已不相适应。所以,告别手栽稻只是时间问题。抛秧稻在机插稻种植技术没有普及的情况下,是替代手栽稻、直播稻的一种好的播栽方式。但抛秧稻和直播稻因种植粗放,带来植株分布无序且不均匀,根系浅生易倒等问题。尤其是直播稻在稻麦两熟热量资源偏紧地区存在问题更为突出。因麦后直播简化了育秧,推迟播种,使水稻有效生长时间过度缩短,这不仅限制了生育期长的高产品种应用,而且也给水稻稳产带来了风险。机插稻不仅可以把农民从繁重劳动中解放出来,有利发展稻作规模,提高劳动生产率,而且可以通过延长水稻生长时间和提高栽插质量来增加产量。从省力栽培和稳定稻作产量看,机插秧是中国稻麦两熟地区发展的主要方向,一定要大力发展。只有通过机插替代直播,才能真正提高单位耕地面积、单位劳动时间和单位成本的农业生产效率并确保国家粮食安全。

As the view from the formation and development of different rice cultivation modes,every mode was explored and summed up by the masses of working people in the long-term practice of rice planting to suit the changing needs of different production conditions and different levels of economic development.Thus,each of rice cultivation modes has its own advantages and disadvantages.The traditional rice cultivation mode of raising rice seedlings and hand transplanting seedlings could achieve high yield by extending the growing time,and improve the land productivity by increasing the multiple crop index.However,the mode is incompatible with agricultural modernization process and modern lifestyle because of intensive labor and low efficiency,so the traditional hand transplanting mode would be phased out sooner or later.Broadcasting rice seedlings is a good cultivation mode instead of the traditional modes of hand transplanting seedlings and direct seeding before the mechanical transplanting technology is spread.However,duo to extensive cultivation,the modes of broadcasting rice seedlings and direct seeding have a lot of problems such as disorder and uneven distribution of plants,shallow root system leading to easy lodging,particularly in the rice-wheat growing areas where the energy resource lacks.Under the mode of direct seedling after wheat harvest,raising rice seedlings is omitted,sowing is delayed,and the period of effective growth is shortened,which not only limits the application of high-yielding varieties with long growth period,but also threatens the stability of rice yield.The application of mechanical transplanting technology not only help free the farmers from the heavy labor in a large scale and improving labor productivity,but also increase rice yield by extending the growth time and improve the rice transplanting quality.Considering the labor-saving rice cultivation and stability of rice yield,mechanical transplanting is the main developmental direction in the region of rice-wheat system.Only by developing and promoting vigorously the mode instead of direct seeding,the efficiency of agricultural production per unit area,labor time and cost be improved,and national food security be ensured.