黄河三门峡工程的改建效果分析

On the Result of the Reconstruction of Sanmenxia Reservoir Project on the Yellow River

三门峡水库是万里黄河上兴建的第一座大坝,由于规划上有一定失误,在水库建成运用初期,泥沙淤积严重,库容损失,潼关河床淤高,黄、渭、洛河两岸大片农田盐碱化范围扩大,不但严重威胁关中和西安的安全,而且水库有报废的危险。针对三门峡工程出现的问题,本着“既要确保黄河下游,又要确保关中”的原则,对枢纽工程进行两次改建,扩大泄流规模,制定了“蓄清排浑控制运用”方式,恢复和保持了一定的库容,潼关河床高程有所下降,淤积末端延伸也得到控制,并充分发挥防洪、减淤、防凌、灌溉、供水、发电综合利用效益。虽然三门峡工程在规划上有失误,但工程修建还是必要的,并且工程的改建也是成功的。

The Sanmenxia Project is the first dam built on the Yellow River. In the first stage of its operation, the project suffered a serious deposition and rapid loss of the storage capacity in the reservoir because of defects in the planning. Meanwhile, the bed elevation at Tongguan rose due to deposition, leading to an extension of salined area of farmland along both sides of the Yellow River, Weihe River and Luohe River. All these not only endangered the safety of Guanzhong valley and the city of Xi'an, but also endangered the project itself to be discarded as useless. In view of the problems in existence, the project was twice reconstructed to increase its discharging capacity, and a new operation mode 'keeping clear water and discharging muddy' was worked out on basis of the principle 'to guarantee safty both of Lower Yellow River and of Guanzhong valley'. As a result, the usable active storage capacity has been recovered partly and the bed elevation at Tongguan has been lowered to certain extent, the tail of deposition delta has become under control and the project has been well functing in flood control, deposition reduction on the Lower Yellow River, ice run control, irrigation, water supply, and electric generation. Despite the defect in the planning, Sanmenxia Project is still important and indispensable, thus its reconstruction is proved successful.