区域生态风险评价及其在战略环评中的应用

Regional Ecological Risk Assessment and Its Utilization in Strategic Environmental Assessment

区域生态风险评价用于预测和评价长时间尺度、大空间尺度、多相源、复合型的不利生态环境演变趋势,对可持续环境管理具有重要意义,近年来逐渐成为国内外相关研究领域的热点。战略环评通常从环境管理的角度出发,对政府决策及开发活动可能导致的环境影响进行预测评价,关注区域关键生态功能单元和敏感环境受体的长期性、累积性影响和中长期生态风险。二者在目标、对象和评价尺度上均有很高的一致性,区域生态风险评价是战略环境评价的重要方法学基础和研究内容。由于生态系统的复杂性、动态性和不确定性,目前生态风险评价特别是定量化评价仍不能适应实际需要,今后应进一步加强对生态环境有重大影响的非化学类风险源识别及生态系统健康风险评价,特别是对较高层次如群落和生态系统水平的风险评价研究,加强风险评价的定量化研究。

Regional ecological risk assessment （ERA） was used to forecast and evaluate unfavorable ecological environment evolution trend with long time scale, large spatial scale, multi-medium source and complex-type pollution. As an efficient tool for sustainable environmental management, regional ERA had become a hot field in environmental science and environmental protection. Strategic environmental Assessment （SEA） usually, from the viewpoint of environmental management, carried out forecast and evaluation of the potential environmental effects caused by government decisions and development activities. It focused on long-term and accumulative environmental effects in key ecosystem functional units and sensitive environmental receptors and the long- and medium-term ecological risks. Regional ERA and SEA had strong consistency in their aims, targets and evaluation scales. Regional ERA could be important methodology and content of SEA. As the ecosystem complexity and ecological balance changes determined the complexity and uncertainty in the process of ecological assessment, especially when it was not enough for the study of the non-chemical risk sources, the research on high levels, e.g. community and ecosystem, of risk assessment, including assessment terminal choice and ecological effect quantitative evaluation method, should be strengthened.