礼制与人情的调适——以魏晋时期前母的服丧问题为中心

The Adjustment of Norms of Etiquette and Sensibility

"礼不二嫡"观念是一夫一妻制的理论基础,但因战乱等因素出现的"前母"问题却对这一基础形成很大的威胁。而如何处理这个礼经从未规定但现实中屡见不鲜的难题,成了对魏晋时期礼学家的极大考验。从西晋到东晋,从"不应制服"到"交相为服",寻求适合时代发展的"变礼之中",成为礼学家的重要目标。表现在前母问题上,二嫡产生的嫡庶问题因为这种寻求变得不再重要,家族和睦、父慈子孝才是"变礼之中"。礼制本就有经有权,变乱之时,最须权变。但权变并非全无规则,随波逐流,而是在明确制礼本意之后,能根据时势,加以调整,使之既合于礼意,又能够化解实际难题。这样的权变,既对丧服制度形成挑战,也为它的逐渐完善提供了可能。

The concept of ＂Li-Bu-Er-Di＂ （No having two primary wife at the same time） was the theoretical basis of monogamy. However, the basis had threatened by the phenomenon of stepmother produced in social chaos and wars. Therefore, it has become a difficult problem for scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasty as this was an issue which has not been prescribed in norms of etiquette but has often emerged in reality. From West Jin to East Jin Dy- nasty scholars had been searching for a balance between ＂Not mourning for father＇s first wife＂ to ＂mourning for each other＇s mother＂. As a result, it was no longer important as to who is the father＇s first wife as they considered family harmony the most important factor in family life.