辛亥革命以来中国大一统国家体制再造中的承续(上)

The Remaking of an Unified China after the Revolution of 1911(Part Ⅰ)

自秦汉以来,大一统一直是中国历史发展的一条主轴。近代以来,大一统国家继续居于主导地位,中央集权的国家政权统领着整个社会从传统向现代的转型,并在这一进程中使自身通过再造而得到承续。一百多年来,人们环绕着建立多民族统一国家还是汉民族单一民族国家、建立单一制国家还是联邦制国家、建立新的集权制国家还是三权分立的分权制国家、建立中央集权制国家还是广泛实行地方自治的国家、建立一党制或以党治国的国家还是两党制或多党轮流执政的国家、建立继续以家国共同体为本位的国家还是以个人为本位的国家、建立实行精英主义精英治国的国家还是坚持草根主义草根治国的国家这样一些根本性的问题,展开了异常激烈的反复争论,并通过色彩斑斓的各种实践论证和检验他们的主张。20世纪以来的全部中国历史,在走过非常曲折的道路,总结了极为丰富的经验和教训后,终于作出了正确的选择。对于大一统国家体制如何承续又如何适应新的时代而变革与再造,是一个不容回避的历史课题。

An unified country has been the mainstream of Chinese history since the Great Qin and Han empires. In modern times the unified state continues to dominate. The centralized state led the trans- formation from tradition to modernity, and succeeded in rebuilding itself in the process. For over a century there have repeated debates, sometimes violent, over the fundamental problem of whether to build a nation state of the Han Chinese, or a federal state, a state based on the separation and balance of powers, or a state with extensive local autonomy, or a state with two or more parties which hold power in turn, or a state based on the individual, or a state to be ruled by the elite or the people, etc,. Advocators of different opinions also tried to vindicate their respective plans with diverse experiments. The history of twentieth-century China, after many experiments and setbacks, has finally made a choice that proves to be the Chinese road.