价值认定与价值存在——马克斯·舍勒的价值现象学探析

Value Determined and Value Existed:On Max Scheler's Value Phenomenology

舍勒将现象学看作是对"本质"与"此在"问题的考察,这种考察可以划分为实事现象学、行为现象学和关联现象学。在他看来,对本质性领域的通达,就像胡塞尔在其认识论中通过一门理性认识的感知学说来进行一样,在价值论中也可以通过一门情感行为的价值认定学说来实现。舍勒认为情感活动先天地指向特定的价值对象,而对价值的认定在实事现象学的意义上只意味着一种特殊的质性;只有在行为现象学之中,亦即在接受性的情感行为之中才直接给出其意向相关项:在意向感受之中给出单个价值内涵,在偏好或偏恶之中给出更高或更低的价值,在爱与恨的行为之中给出价值的等级秩序。而在关联现象学上价值的本质性联系却奠基于一种纯粹质料的秩序,也就是舍勒的质料先天主义。后者的功能化才是价值作为一种功能性存在的基础。于是,价值认定依赖于价值存在。由此,舍勒的价值论面临着各种内在困难与外在误解也正根源于未能清楚阐释这种纯粹质料的秩序及其奠基关系。

Scheler regards the phenomenology as the investigation on the issue of ＂Essence＂ and ＂Being＂ which could be divided into practical phenomenology, behavior and associated phenomenology. He declares that the accessibility of essential areas just as Husserl＇s epistemology in its understanding through a rational theory for the perception, determined as also in the value of emotional behavior through a theory to realize the value. Scheler claims, it＇ s in the emotional acts that reveals a priori contents of values. The perception of value in the sense of phenomenology of things means only a special quality, only in the horizon of phenomenology of acts, i.e. in the receptivity of emotions, can directly be given the correlate of value： it＇s given in the intentional feelings the single content of value, in ＂preferring or placing after＂ higher or lower values, in loving and hating the hierarchy of value. But in the term of phenomenology of connections, the essential connections of value is based on an order of pure material, namely Scheler＇s Apriorism of the material, the funetionalization of which therefore founds the value and that＇ s why the existence of value in Scheler is functional existence. So the perception of value is depended upon the being of value. Conclusively, it＇s just because Scheler＇s unclear illumination of the order of pure material and its foundational relations that make Scheler＇ s theory of value face with a fair amount of inherent difficulties and external misunderstanding.