从政治哲学视角看自然权利的力量

The Strength of Natural Right in the Perspective of Political Philosophy

作为近代政治的正当性基础,自然权利具有能动性的建构力量。从政治哲学的视角来看,自然权利的实现可大致分为三个阶段,每个阶段都有不同的主题,由不同的理论主体担纲。第一个阶段解决的主要是暴力问题,通过霍布斯、洛克、斯宾诺莎等人的努力,将自然权利论证为抽象普遍性的法权。第二个阶段解决的主要是经济与社会问题,通过斯密和苏格兰启蒙运动的工作,自然权利转变为被启蒙的个体利益。第三个阶段解决的主要是平等和自由、同质与异质的矛盾,通过卢梭与康德的论证,自然权利转变为主体有尊严的自我立法。

Natural right,as the foundation of modern political legitimacy,has active,constitutive strength.In the perspective of political philosophy,the realization of natural right has experienced three periods;each has its distinctive theme and bears its different theoretical subject.The first period mainly focuses on resolving the problem of violence： through the efforts of Hobbes,Locke,and Spinoza,natural right is justified as the right of abstract universality.The second period,rather,takes up socio-economic problems： with the work of Smith and the Scottish Enlightenment,natural right is transformed into self-interest of the enlightened individual.The third and the last period tries to solve the tension between equality and freedom and the contradiction between homogeneity and heterogeneity： according to the arguments of Rousseau and Kant,natural right is transformed into the subject＇s self-legislation with dignity.