杭州市江干区自动售水机及其水质卫生现状调查

A Survey on Automatic Water Dispensers Related Drinking Water Safety in Jianggan District, Hangzhou

[目的]为进一步加强自动售水机供应的生活饮用水卫生监督管理,探索现制现售水的管理对策。[方法]对82台自动售水机的卫生部涉水产品许可批件、经营公司(个体)管理情况、从业人员管理、自动售水机选址、日常维护和信息公示等情况进行现场调查,通过简单随机抽样抽取36台自动售水机的出水水质进行抽检,检验项目:色度、浑浊度、臭和味、pH、铅、耗氧量、亚硝酸盐氮、电导率、菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌。[结果]82台自动售水机的维护人员均无有效健康体检证明,卫生许可信息(卫生部涉及饮用水卫生安全产品卫生许可批件)公示率为70.7%,日常维护内容(清洁、更换滤芯等)公示率为75.6%,提示用户清洗容器公示率为36.6%。规模不同的经营公司(个体),其卫生许可信息、日常维护内容等信息的公示率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。36台自动售水机水样色度、浑浊度、臭和味、pH、铅、亚硝酸盐氮、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌合格率为100.0%,耗氧量合格率为94.4%、电导率合格率为36.1%、菌落总数合格率为72.2%。规模不同的经营公司(个体),其抽检样品合格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。[结论]加强市场准入,提高经营单位管理能力,完善信息公示,开展经常性卫生监督和自动售水机出水水质监测,确保该市使用的自动售水机水质的卫生和安全。

[ Objective] To understand the safety issues of drinking water provided by automatic water dispenser（ AWD ）and provide evidences to improve the current supervision system on drinking water vending machines. [ Methods ] Data of 82 AWDs on license of drinking water-related product retail by Ministry of Health （ MOH ）, characteristics of retail company, employee management, AWD location, routine maintenance and license disclosure were collected. About 36 of 82 AWDs were randomly selected for drinking water safety tests, including colority, turbidity, smell and taste, pH, lead, oxygen consumption, nitrite nitrogen, conductivity, total number of bacteria colonies, total coliform bacteria, heat-resistant coliform bacteria and Escherichia coll. [ Results ] No maintenance personnel provided medical record for safety screening purpose among 82 AWDs. About 70.7% of AWDs disclosed MOH licenses and 75.6% presented the regular maintenance log（ cleaning and filter change ）. Only 36.6% of AWDs showed information reminding customers to clean water containers. The information disclosure rates were varied by company size（ P〈0.01 ）. Among 36 AWDs tested, colority, turbidity, smell and taste, pH, lead, nitrite nitrogen, total coliform bacteria, heat-resistant coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli all met the corresponding national drinking water limits. But for the national limits of oxygen consumption, electrical conductivity and bacteria colony count, the qualified sample rates were 94.4%, 36.1% and 72.2% respectively, which could be varied by the company size（ P 〈 0.01 ）. [ Conclusion ] Increasing market entry standards, improving vending retails management and related information disclosure, as well as regular drinking water safety inspection should secure the safety of drinking water vended by AWDs.