政策议程创建的基本类型:内涵、过程与效度的一般分析

The Basic Types of Policy Agenda Construction:A General Analysis on the Connotation,Process and Validity

根据政策问题提出者的角色、作用以及影响力的不同,政策议程创建活动可以分为内创型、动员型、相融型和外创型四种基本类型。内创型政策议程是一种由政治权威人物主动地体察和认定社会问题,在不经过与体制外行为者互动的情况下直接将特定社会问题纳入决策程序的议程创建活动;动员型政策议程是决策主体借助正式机构的各种资源,在对体制外行为主体进行动员、教育和引导的基础上推动某一社会问题上升为政策问题的议程创建形式;相融型政策议程是一种由体制内、外的政策共同体及其代理人沿着"内倡"与"外推"两个方向,在有效互动基础上共同推动的议程创建活动;外创型政策议程则是体制外行为主体运用各种力量向决策主体施压,进而推动某一社会问题进入决策议程的创建类型。通过对四种类型政策议程的内涵、过程与效度的比较分析,有助于优化当代中国政策议程创建过程,提高政府决策品质。

According to the different roles,functions and influences of advocates,there are four basic types of policy agenda construction.The internal-advocacy type is constructed by the authority figures.They take the initiative to identify social problems and directly pass them to the process of decision-making.The mobilized type is constructed by the decision-makers in the government.They use government resources to mobilize,educate and guide the public.On this basis,they promote a certain social issue to a policy issue.The integrated type is constructed by the policy community within and outside the system.On the basis of the effective interaction,they follow both directions of ＂initiative＂ and ＂extrapolation＂ to push the policy agenda.The external-advocacy type is constructed by types of groups outside the government.They use a variety of forces to put pressure on decision-makers and effectively include a particular policy issue in the decision-making agenda.The comparative analysis on the connotation,the process and the validity of four types of policy agenda can help to optimize the process of policy agenda construction and improve the quality of public policy.