日本教育中的新自由主义(下)

The Neo-liberalism of Education in Japan(Part Two)

新自由主义在教育中的应用造成了教育的不平等。教育不平等是一种现实存在,比如,高中被分化成了升学型学校和"指导困难学校"("底层学校"),神奈川县的某"指导困难学校"就是一个实例。"指导困难学校"的存在是教育病理的一种表现,教育病理的扩大和深化说明基于新自由主义的教育改革是失败的。因此,使教育恢复正常化,必须进行改革原理的转换。第15届中央教育审议会于1996年发表的咨询报告提出了"宽松教育"的理念,主张培养学生的"生存能力"。但不久学力低下论调兴起以后,"宽松教育"被狭窄化为"学力低下",其实施遇到了挫折,教育走向提高学力的轨道,即着重于培养一部分有能力的人的高学力。在教育中推行市场主义的结果是在经济、文化、学力上得天独厚的强者在排名高的学校就学,在竞争中获胜、能够享受自由,而在底层学校就学的是条件不优越的人。今后日本的教育改革要超越国家主义和市场原理主义,应以公民主义为理论基础。与新自由主义政策针锋相对,基于公民主义提出的教育改革构想包括两个方面,一是把教育作为公民社会的协同互动事业,二是建立地区综合学习网络。

The application of the Neo-liberalism in educational field results in inequality in education.The inequality in education is a kind of real existence,for example,the senior high schools have been differentiated into schools for further education and difficult schools under guidance（the schools at the bottom）,and the ＂difficult schools under guidance＂ in Kanagawa Prefecture of Japan is a real example.The existence of ＂difficult schools under guidance＂ is the representation of educational pathology,whose extending and deepening have shown that the educational reform based on Neo-liberalism is unsuccessful.Therefore,in order to restore the normalization of the education,the principle of reform must be transformed. The consultation report made by the 15th Central Council for Education in 1996 points out the concept of ＂lenient education＂,which focuses on the cultivation of students＇ viability.However soon,the ＂lenient education＂ is narrowed into the ＂low learning ability＂ after the rising of argument about ＂low learning ability＂,whose implementation encounters setbacks and the school education begins to improve students＇ learning ability,which means to cultivate the high learning ability of some talented persons.Therefore,the implementation of marketization in the field of education makes some persons who have the advantage on economy,culture and learning ability have the opportunity of studying in top ranking schools and enjoy more freedom,but some students who are disadvantaged have to study in bottom schools. From now on,the Japanese education should go beyond the principles of nationalism and marketization,and regard civil doctrine as theoretical basis.Opposite to the Neo-liberalism,the educational reform plan based on civil doctrine includes two aspects as follows： one is regarding education as the collaborative and interactive enterprise for the civic society,the other is establishing regional comprehensive learning network.