从保守走向进步:历史视野中20世纪初美国学前课程改革

From conservative to progressive:On American preschool curricular reform in early 20th century

采用历史研究法,对20世纪初美国学前课程改革的过程进行综合分析。此次课程改革发生在一个大转折的时代,以实验心理学和实用主义哲学的发展为大背景,深受霍尔、杜威等进步主义者的影响,其中最具代表性的新课程就是"自由游戏课程"和"工业化课程"。进步主义者进行实践探索的同时与保守主义者进行了激烈的论战,最终取得胜利。课程改革的发展动向是从保守走向进步,具体表现在:课程目标从"培养完满人性"走向"发展儿童的情感和社会性",课程内容从"抽象"走向"实在",课程实施从"僵化固定"走向"自由灵活"。给予启示是课程改革要着力于本土化探索;课程改革需要理论上的碰撞与论争;课程改革的实践探索需要与理论研究并行。

A historical research is used to analyze the American preschool curricular reform of the early 20th century.The development of experimental psychology and pragmatic philosophy acts as the background.The progressivists Hall and Dewey are most influential.And representative courses are free play and industrialization programs.The trend is from conservative to progressive in that the curricular objectives are cultivating full humanity to emotion and sociality,curricular contents from abstract to reality,and curricular implementation from rigid fixation to free flexibility.