制宪权视角下的宪法正当性之评判——评施米特的制宪权学说

The Criteria of Constitution Legitimacy by the View of Constituent Power——On Schmitt's Theory of Constituent Power

制宪权是评判宪法正当性的重要依据。古典自然法学诉诸于人民制宪权而取得宪法正当性的评判。施米特的制宪权学说是运用社会实证主义方法,在批判人民制宪权学说的基础上建立起一种价值无涉的政治实体制宪权学说,在制宪权学说史上具有重要地位和影响。施米特认为制宪权是现存政治实体对自身存在形式作出总决断的意志,宪法正当性在于其现实性。其学说关注宪法的现实正当性,拓展了我们对宪法正当性评判的视野和对制宪权认识的深度,但由于忽略价值正当性曾被法西斯利用,值得我们吸取教训。我们认为,制宪权是人民制宪权与政治实体制宪权的辩证统一,宪法的正当性与现实性不能相互割裂。

Constituent power theory is an important theory of constitution legitimacy.Natural law school attributes constitution legitimacy to constituent power of people.Schmitt＇s theory on constituent power is found on criticizing the theory of constituent power of people and has important influence on the history of theory of constituent power.Schmitt positively analyzes constituent power by positivism.Constitution is thought to be a political decision made by the actual political power for its form.Constitution legitimacy is based on its reality.Schmitt denies natural law history legitimacy theory of constituent power.But,his theory is exploited by fascist,so it is a lesson to us.We think that constituent power is the dialectical unify of constituent power of the people and constituent power of the political entity.Legitimacy and reality of constitution should not be split into pieces mutually.