晚清中国沿海非通商口岸的“准开放”问题

The Quasi-opening Problem of the Non-treaty Ports on the China Coast in the Late Qing Dynasty

晚清时期,中国沿海的非通商口岸实际上处于一种"准开放"状态,先后经历了五口通商时期的"华商租雇式"开放、19世纪下半叶的"内地式"开放和清季的"内港式"开放。它们的开放虽肇始于清政府的愚昧无知,但从根本上来说同样是西方列强不断扩大对华侵略的结果。清政府为维护政治统治尤其是经济利益曾做出种种抗争,并在这一过程中逐渐产生和加强了国家主权的观念。

During the period of the late Qing dynasty, the non-treaty ports on the China coast were actually in a quasi-opening state, they were opened to the foreign merchants when their boats were rented by the Chinese merchants during the opening of five ports, what follow it are inland market in the second half of the 19th century and interior ports in the last part of the Qing dynast. In the beginning, the main reason for the opening of these ports was the ignorance of the Qing government, but their opening was essentially the result of the Western powers＇ constantly expanding aggression against China, too. To safeguard the political domination, particularly the economic interest, the Qing government had made all sorts of resistances, and had stren^hened the national sovereignty idea gradually in this process.