欧洲中世纪后期的异端运动与妇女权利

The Heretic Movements and Women's Rights in the Late of Medieval Europe

在中世纪基督教异端研究中,妇女问题一直是西方史学家关注的重要问题。本文通过对贝居因派、古列尔迈派、卡特里派、韦尔多派和罗拉德派这五个10世纪以后欧洲比较重要的大众异端派别中女性权利的总结和分析,指出她们享有大致与男性相等的宗教权利和自由,即效仿基督贫穷的权利、完成部分圣礼的权利、接受平等宗教和文化教育的权利。虽然在实践中,由于传统性别观念的影响,她们的权利实践或多或少受到限制,但她们依然获得了比天主教妇女更大的权利和自由,打破了传统社会对女性的限制和禁忌,获得了一定的发言权。尤其是贝居因派和古列尔迈派的妇女表现出的强烈的女性意识,被认为是妇女争取平等权利的榜样,对后世女性主义的发展具有借鉴意义。

Women problem is always an important issue in the study of medieval Christian heresy by western historians.This essay aims to summarize and analyze women's rights in the five major heretic groups after the 10th century A.D.in Europe:Beguines,Guglielmites,Cathars,Waldensians and Lollards.It indicates these heretic women enjoyed some rights and freedom roughly equal,such as the right of imitating Christ,partial right of fulfilling sacraments,the right of receiving the equal religious and cultural education.In practice,though,by the influence of concept of traditional gender,women's rights were limited more or less,they still received more rights and freedom than what catholic women had by breaking through the limits and taboos traditional society had ever setup to women to getting the floor.The strong feminine consciousness reflected,especially by the women in the Beguines and Guglielmites,is the model for women in modern times to fight for equal rights,which leads its significance to the development of feminism in later ages.