自然保护区生态补偿定量方案研究——基于“虚拟地”计算方法

Quantitative Study on the Ecological Compensation for Nature Reserves Based on the "Virtual Land" Method

自然保护区生态补偿的"补给谁"和"补多少"在理论和实践上都是生态补偿中的重点和难点所在。传统的通过计量保护区正外部性以确定生态补偿数量的方法存在两个主要问题:一是违背经济学原理,二是与管理体制不符且法理不足。据此,并考虑到中国相当数量的保护区"没有保护好"的主要因素是保护区社区居民生产生活的干扰,论文认为应通过控制保护区社区的负外部性来达成对保护区的生态补偿。通过生产函数理论分析,发现通常情况下保护区社区的经济产出与土地面积单调正相关,因此在没有生态补偿的情况下,保护区的划建会使周边社区居民经济收入减少,解决周边社区对保护区干扰的根本途径是利用生态补偿资金发展替代产业以提高单位面积土地的经济产出。以此认识为基础,文章提出了"虚拟地"概念并发展了定量方法来确定保护区的生态补偿最低标准,采用武夷山保护区的数据进行了这一方法的案例分析。

Who to pay and how much to pay are keys and difficulties of ecological compensation in payment for nature reserve from both theoretical and practical perspectives. There are two main problems in ecological compensation of nature reserves in traditional quantitative methods, which was calculated by positive exteriority of nature reserve. One is the infringement of economics principle, and the other is the inconformity with management mechanism and the lack of law or regulation. Consider these issues as well as the fact that most protected areas are disturbed by the activities of residents in the surrounding communities, this article holds that we should achieve the ecological compensation of protected areas by controlling the negative externalities, in order to effectively coordinate the relationship among protected areas, residents of the surrounding communities and the ecological beneficiaries. Based on ecological footprint analysis, this paper presents the concept of ＂virtual land＂ and develops a quantitative method to determine the minimum standards of ecological compensation and the applicable conditions of its conclusion. ＂Virtual land＂ approach disputes per capita land area occupied through the income terms, and adopts the multiple use of community land out of standard on the whole to determine the weight of different type of land. In this way, we get the optimum ecological population.