徐州两汉诸侯王墓研究

THE RESEARCHES ON THE MAUSOLEUMS OF THE FEUDATORY PRINCES OF THE WESTERN AND EASTERN HAN DYNASTIES

在全国范围内分封诸侯王是汉代中央政府巩固统治的措施之一。两汉400余年，今徐州一带共属七个不同的诸侯国，前后有数十位诸侯王。目前徐州境内共发现两汉诸侯王墓十余处，墓葬近二十座。本文拟以考古资料为基础，结合历史文献及其他相关资料对这些诸侯王墓进行研究，并对与之相关的一些问题进行探讨。

Xuzhou is the location of important feudatory state of the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties,with only a brief interval in the Xin Dynasty between them.According to the rules of the Han Dynasty,the feudatories should be buried in their states after their death;except for the ones not buried in their feudatory states for the historic reasons,the Chu Princes of the Western Han Dynasty and the Pengcheng Princes and Xiapi Princes of the Eastern Han Dynasty,the capital of whose feudatory states were in the vicinity of Xuzhou,were all buried in present-day Xuzhou area.To date,more than 10 mausoleum yards of feudatory princes including almost 20 tombs have been found in the greater Xuzhou area.More mausoleums of the feudatory princes of the Western Han Dynasty have been found in Xuzhou area than that of the Eastern Han;these mausoleums show the relationships of succeeding and developing.The typological analyses to the mausoleum structures showed that the plans of these burials were developing from symmetrical arrangement along the central axis to asymmetrical arrangement and the structures of them were changing from cave tombs with features of vertical shaft tombs to pure horizontal cave chamber tombs,and from the styles of the pre-Han periods to the Han style,which was imitating the residences of living people.From the angles of distances and positions,the relative distances were getting shortened,and the positions changed from the prince being set on the left of the princess to the prince being set to the right of the princess.The analyses to the unearthed artifacts,the attendant tombs and storage pits revealed that four mausoleums of the Chu Princes belonged to the early Western Han Dynasty and other four belonged to the middle and late Western Han Dynasty.The mausoleums of the Chu Princes had both similarities and differences to the imperial mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty and the tombs of the feudatory princes of other regions,showing the local characteristics during the process of the development of the unified Han Culture.The horizontal cliff tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Xuzhou was a burial type of feudatory princes with the influences of the burial systems before then Han,especially the Qin Dynasty,as well as the local tradition of hewing the tomb chamber out of the cliff.This burial style strongly influenced the popularizing of the horizontal cliff tombs in the surrounding regions,but it is barely reasonable to say that it also has influences to the Baling Mausoleum of Emperor Wendi of the Western Han Dynasty.The horizontal cliff tomb as a burial style declined in late Western Han Dynasty and disappeared in the Eastern Han,which would be related to the transferring of political powers.Fewer mausoleums of feudatory princes of the Eastern Han Dynasty have been found so far,but the burial system of them still could be discussed based on the known data,the occupants of the discovered mausoleums could be inferred and comparative studies could also be done with the imperial mausoleums and burials of the feudatory princes of other regions.