9O'Neill PA, Morris J, Baxter CM. Evaluation of an integrated curriculum using problem-based learning in a clinical environment:the Manchester experience[J]. Med Educ, 2000, 34:222-230.
4Rhem J. Problem-based learning:An introduction[J].The National Teaching and Learning Forum, 1998, 8:1.
5Tiwafi A, Lai P, So M, et al. A comparison of the effects of problem-based learning and lecturing on the development of students′critical thinking[J]. MedEdue, 2006, 40:547-554.
6Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR, et al.New approach to stroke subtyping:the A-S-C-O.henotypic) classification of stroke[J]. CerebrovascDis, 2009, 27:502-508.
7赵堪兴, 杨培增. 眼科学[M]. 7版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2008:199.
8Langelotz C, Junghans T, Gunther N, et al. Problem-based learning for surgery. Increased motivation with less teaching personnel[J]. Chirurg, 2005, 76:481-486.
9Winker PA, Tonn JC. Problem-based learning inresidency training and the tutorial process for training and education in neurosurgery[J]. Acta Neurochir, 2004, 90(Suppl):73-76.
10Newman MJ. Problem based learning:an introduction and overview of the key features of the approach[J]. J Vet Med Educ, 2005, 32:12-20.