3Gustilo RB,Mendoza RM,Williams DN.Problems in the management of type Ⅲ(severe) open fractures:A new classification of type Ⅲ open fractures.J Trauma,1984,24:742-746.
4Lerner A,Stein H.Hybrid thin wire external fixation:an effective,minimally invasive,modular surgical tool for the stabilization of periarticular fractures.Orthopedics,2004,27:59-62.
5Ruedi T,Allgower M.The operative treatment of intra-articular fractures of the lower end of the tibia.Clin Orthop Relat Res,1979,(138):105-110.
6Tornetta P 3rd,Weiner L,Bergman M,et al.Pilon fractures:treatment with combined internal and external fixation.J Orthop Trauma,1993,7:489-496.
7Gustilo RB,Mendoza RM,Williams DN.Problems in the management of type Ⅲ (severe) open fractures:a new classification of type Ⅲ open fractures.J Trauma,1984,24:742-746.
8Bourne RB.Pilon fractures of the distal tibia.Clin Orthop Relat Res,1989,(240):42-46.
9Teeny SM,Wiss DA.Open reduction and internal fixation of tibial plafond fractures.Variables contributing to poor results and complications.Clin Orthop Relat Res,1993,(292):108-117.
10Patterson MJ,Cole JD.Two-staged delayed open reduction and internal fixation of severe pilon fractures.J Orthop Trauma,1999,13:85-91.
3Flynn JM, Hresko T, Reynolds RA, et al. Titanium elastic nails for pediatric femur fractures:A multicenter study of early results with analysis of complications[J]. J Pediatr Orthop, 2001,21(1) :4-8.
4Ramseier LE,Janicki JA,Weir S, et al. Femoral fractures in adolescents a comparison of four methods of fixation[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,2010,92(5) : 1122-1129.
5McGee MA, Findlay DM, Howie DW, et al. The use of OP-1 in femoral impaetion grafting in a sheep model[J]. J Orthop Res, 2004,22 (5) : 1008-1015.
6Altay MA, Erturk C, Cece H, et al. Mini-open versus closed reduction in titanium elastic nailing of paed-iatric femoral shaft fractures: A comparative study[J]. Acta Orthop Belg, 2011,77(2) : 211-217.
7Jubel A, Andermahr J, Isenberg J, et al. Experience with elastic stable intramedullary nailing(ESIN)of shaft fr-ac- tures in children[J]. Orthopade, 2004,33 (8): 928-935.
8Kubiak EN, Egol KA, Scher D, et al. Operative treatment of tibial fractures in children:Are elastic stable intr- amedullary nails an improvement over external fixation [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,2005,87 : 1761-1768.
