荐馆、定馆、坐馆:明清私塾教师的入职过程——以明清小说中的私塾教师为例

Professional recommendations for priate tutors——A case study of the Ming and Qing fictions

通过对明清小说中私塾教师入职资料的梳理发现,明清私塾教师的入职需经过"荐馆、定馆、坐馆"三个程序。荐馆是寻求地方名儒或官员的推荐来提高入职者的竞争力的,荐馆的成功与否,不仅与荐馆人的声望和威信有关,更与被荐人自身的学行有关。定馆是新入职教师与东家或学校确定教育契约关系的程序,包括东家下关书、聘帖、行拜师礼和教师给学生起学名等内容,定馆同时也是教师和东家或者学校谈"馆谷"高低及节假日其他生活补贴的过程。坐馆就是教师正式开学讲课了,正式坐馆日是东家和教师共同选择的"吉日",一般在正月十五前后,坐馆的期限一般为一年。明清私塾教师的入职过程对今天教师入职制度建设仍有很大的借鉴意义。

By studying the novels of Ming and Qing dynasties,the writer of this paper reviews the three processes of a private tutor,namely,recommendation,nomination and authorization.Upon the procedural completion,a private tutor may begin teaching on the mutual agreements with the curricular designings,holidays and subsidities.The date of beginning is usually on the middle of January by lunar calendar with one year of duration of employment.