中晚唐制举试策与士大夫的社会意识——以“子大夫”的社会意识为中心

On Imperial Civil Examination and Literati’s Social Awareness——Focus on Social Awareness of "Zidafu"

中晚唐相对开明的社会气氛,为"子大夫"在制举对策中针对时弊和现实,敢于直言极谏提供了宽松的环境。唐代制举考试中"子大夫"的称谓比较固定,增强了"子大夫"的群体认同感,促进了其社会群体责任感的形成,一定程度上反映了以"子大夫"为主干的士大夫社会责任意识的增强。制举对策中着意提倡的"天下者,为天下之天下"观念,是继东晋士大夫"王与马共天下"观念之后的又一重大转变,促进了宋代士大夫"为与士大夫治天下"观念的出现。晚唐制举对策中出现的士大夫"以天下为忧,以天下为念"的观念,为宋代"先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐"观念的产生创造了先决条件。制举对策还提出了君王"忧天下之忧,乐天下之乐"的观念。子大夫这种强烈参与国家社会事务的责任感,无疑对士大夫群体社会意识的增强起了促进作用。

The open social atmosphere in middle and late Tang Dynasty makes a relax enviorment for the ＂zidafu＂ （子大夫） criticize and say something true. The fixed name of ＂zidafu＂ in imperial civil examination in Tang Dynasty makes them unite as a group and plays a role of form the social responsibility of them, it is the inflection of the social responsibility of literati group which are mostly combined by ＂zidafu＂. The concept of ＂the country is for all＂ is a great change after Eastern Jin Dynasty, and also facilitates the idea of ＂govern the country with the literati＂ in Song Dynasty. The literati’ ＂thinking for the country＂ paves the way of the view of ＂worry about the country before, and enjoy after the whole country＂ in Song Dynasty. The literati’ strong responsibility of taking part in governing the counrty social affires strengthen their social awareness.