藏族习惯法中的“赔命价”制度——兼论原生态藏族赔命价习惯法与中国的死刑存废问题

A Study on the System of "Life Compensating Price" in Tibetan Conventional Law:A Concurrent Discussion on the Issue of Reservation and Abolition of Death Penalty in China

藏族习惯法中的"赔命价"制度是延续至今的一种古老的藏族传统刑事习惯法,是在藏族部落社会时期形成的重要习惯法内容。在过去和如今的广大藏区,"赔命价"制度特指发生杀人、伤害等致人死亡或因致人伤残造成一定损失的刑事案件而行为人承担一定的财产赔偿责任的刑事习惯法制度,它是受害人家属向被告人家属索赔财物或迫使侵害他人生命、健康权的行为人承担一定的财产赔偿责任的一种古老的刑事法律制度,也是中国最典型的本土化"刑事和解"制度。近年来,国内学术界、法学界分别就针对"赔命价"制度陆续发表一些文章和著述,其中不乏真知灼见。但是"赔命价"制度是否具有它存在的价值和合理性以及在广大藏区产生的社会效果等,目前没有看到令人信服的研究成果。因此,笔者认为从"赔命价"制度本身存在的原因、范围和本质以及对中国刑事司法制度将要产生重大影响的重要关系等原因有必要再一次深入探讨。尤其是国家制定法应适当利用"赔命价"制度等藏族本土习惯法的资源优势,进一步制定变通性和补充性的法律法规来完善藏族地区的法治建设,从而整合藏族等少数民族习惯法积极适应国家制定法彰显的现代法治精神,这种法学问题的研究及其解决,才能更好地维护藏区社会的稳定发展,才能加速推进中国法治建设的康庄大道。

The system of ＂life compensating price＂ is an ancient Tibetan traditional criminal conventional law,it was formed in the Tibetan primitive tribe society and one important part of conventional law. In the past and present vast Tibetan area,it particularly refers to criminal cases such as killing,death because of injury,or bodily injury leads to certain loss; so the victim＇s family claims to certain property compensation from the accuser＇s family,or force the defendant who against other people＇s lives and health to bear certain liability of property compensation. It is also the most typical localization of ＂criminal reconciliation＂ system. In recent years,there are a number of articles and works on ＂life compensating price＂ have been published from academics and legal circles respectively,many of them are insightful. However,whether the system of ＂life compensating price＂ has its own value and reasonable,and has the social effects in vast Tibetan areas,are still in doubt. Therefore,the research believes it is necessary for another an in-depth study on the reason of its existence,scope,and nature; and the reason for the possibility of its significant impact on the Chinese criminal justice system. It also suggests that our country should appropriately utilize the advantages resources of the local Tibetan conventional law,to improve the legal construction in Tibetan areas by further making accommodative and supplementary laws and regulations. Tibetan＇s conventional law should actively meet the thinking of the modern socialist legal construction,in order to better maintain the stable development of Tibetan and accelerate the legal construction in China.