少数群体权利的国际化

The Internationalization of Minority Rights

有关整合和融通的争论是许多国家国内政治生活中的一种常见现象,但是这些争论也逐渐体现在国际层面上。国际组织可以强烈影响国家—少数群体问题的分析框架和解决方式,国际组织认可某些融通模式,而反对其他一些模式。本文试图审视国际组织认可哪种形式的国家一少数群体关系以及哪些形式的少数权利,同时这种认可是针对哪些群体、并在何种背景下认可的。这些问题并没有简单的答案。在过去15年间,很多国际组织为该问题争论不休,对该问题目前尚无清晰的解决方式,而且它们当前的政策和实践充满了模糊性与矛盾性。本文旨在指出这些问题的一些复杂性,特别集中于探讨联合国如何详细阐述土著民族的权利以及欧洲组织如何讨论少数民族的权利问题。在对待土著民族和少数民族权利的问题上,国际社会有着截然不同的假设和原则,每一种假设和原则都呈现了它自身在道德上和政治上的困境。

Debates concerning integration and accommodation are a familiar feature of the domestic political life of many countries.But these debates increasingly have an international dimension as well.International organizations can strongly influence the way state-minority relations are framed and resolved,endorsing some models of accommodation while discouraging others.This paper attempts to explore which models of state-minority relations and,hence,which types of minority rights, have been endorsed by intertnational organizations,for which types of groups,and in which contexts.These are not simple questions to answer.Many international organizations have struggled with this issue for the past fifteen years without any clear resolution, and their current policies and practices are full of ambiguities and inconsistencies. The goal of this paper is to bring out some of these complexities,focusing particularly on how the rights of indigenous peoples have been elaborated at the United Nations,and the way in which the rights of national minorities have been discussed within European organizations.Very different assumptions and principles underlie the two cases,and each raises its own moral and political dilemmas.