民本主义影响下的中国古代吏治文化特征

Characteristics of Ancient Chinese Official Administration Culture Under the Influence of People-oriented Ideology

民本主义思想萌芽于西周初期,滥觞于春秋战国时期,自秦汉后逐步形成,对我国古代吏治产生了深刻的影响,形成了如下特征:有德者应"以民为本"、"爱民"、"亲民",重用道德标准选拔、规范、要求、考核官员;注重运用法律手段规范官员行为,形成了依法对官员进行选拔、任用、奖惩、考核等管理制度;较早地建立了从中央到地方对官员实施监督、监控的监察制度和上书制度;很早形成了上诉制、直诉制,注意利用地方上的宗族和长辈力量限制、牵制和监督官员。

People-oriented Ideology germinated in the primary stage of the Western Zhou Dynasty,developed in the Spring and Autumn Period（770-476 B.C.） and the Warring States Period（475-221B.C.）,and gradually came into being after the Qin and Han Dynasties.The ideology exerted a great influence on the official administration in ancient China and demonstrated the following characteristics.Firstly,the valuable notion was formed that people with virtues should keep the people in heart,cherish and be close to the people.Officials were selected,regulated,demanded and assessed by moral standards.Secondly,attention was paid to standardize the officials’ conducts by the means of laws and establish administrative systems to select,appoint,reward,punish and evaluate officials.Thirdly,impeaching and auditing systems were established to supervise and monitor officials from the central to local authorities Fourthly,the right to appeal and appeal directly was established in terms of the litigation system.What＇s more,the power of the local clans and eldership was used to supervise the officials’ corruption.