农民留种行为与品种权的冲突及其解决——立足于美国“农民留种免责”规则的考察

On the Conflict between Farmers' Saving Seeds and Plant Patent Right of GMOs——From the Perspective of Burden-Free Rule of Farmers' Saving Seeds

本文从兼顾保护农民权益与转基因农作物育种人的品种权的角度出发,研究美国农民留种免责规则的基本架构。就故意留种行为而言,农民有权不经育种人授权而留存、种植和销售授权产品的种子,但繁殖不得超越合理数量,不得出于商业目的而繁殖授权品种、销售种子的数量应当合理。就无意留种行为而言,该行为的侵权认定需要考量农民的主观意图,损害赔偿采取"侵权收益计算法"而非"专利损失计算法"。育种人针对农民留种行为的专利保护措施有技术授权合同的限制条款、终结者基因技术等。在此基础上,指出我国的立法缺陷包括"专利权合理容忍限度"的范围有待辨明,农民的无意留种行为与品种权的冲突解决机制尚待完善等。

The paper tries to tell the construction of Burden-Free rule of saving seeds of farmer.To the saving seeds of farmer on purpose,a ＂farmer＇s right is limited to the amount that can be used to plant their own farm,or sell for some other purpose than breeding＂.To the saving seeds of farmers on purpose with no intention,the intention should be considered to cognizance of the plant patent tort.The patent protection includes invent agreements,GURTs,etc.The Chinese Plant Patent Act should consummate to clear the scope of the limit of the reasonable abidance of the plant patent,and to perfect the mechanism of the Saving Seeds of Farmer with no intention.