苏/俄舱外航天服技术的进展

Advances in the Soviet/Russian EVA Spacesuit Technology

苏/俄载人飞船("上升"号与"联盟"号)航天服是软式的,由舱内压力服演变而来,不仅用于短时间的舱外活动,而且作为航天员舱内防护与应急救生使用。月球"海鹰"服原计划用于苏联月球使命的指令长在轨使用。1972年月球项目中止后,在月球"海鹰"服的基础上,经不断改进,形成"海鹰"系列舱外航天服,用于"礼炮"号与"和平"号空间站。自2001年起,"海鹰"-M与美国航天服EMU(舱外移动单元)一起在国际空间站使用。"海鹰"系列的第5个型号,"海鹰"-MK,已于2008年9月运抵国际空间站,还有两套"海鹰"-MK将于2009年抵达国际空间站。"海鹰"-MK是世界上第一种应用内置计算机的智能化航天服,它将在国际空间站上逐步取代"海鹰"-M,投入使用。阐述"海鹰"系列航天服的技术进展,特别是"海鹰"-M与"海鹰"-MK的技术状态。

The Soviet/Russian spacesuits for the manned spacecraft （Voskhod and Soyuz） were of the soft type, which evolved from invehicular pressure suits and served the purpose of cosmonaut protection and rescue as well as for shorter-duration EVAs. After the termination of Soviet lunar exploration programme in 1972, the lunar Orlan suit （the spacesuit for the lunar mission commander） was to be improved steadily and to form Orlan-family of spacesuits for the Saylut and Mir space stations. Since 2001, Orlan-M has been used on the ISS together with the American EMU. A new version of the Orlan, the Orlan-MK, was delivered to the ISS in September 2008, and two more will be passed on to the ISS in 2009. The Orlan-MK is the fifth Orlan version and the first computerized Russian spacesuit, which will gradually replace the ISS Orlan-M suits at the end of their life. In this paper, the technical evolution of the Orlan versions and the state-of-the-art of the Orlan-M and Orlan-MK are expounded and commented.