论近代以来国家与农民关系的演变

Change of the Relationship between the State and Farmers in Modern China

1840年以来,随着中国国家性质的剧烈变化,国家与农民的关系以及中间环节(乡村基层组织)也发生了根本性变化,乡村出现了衰败动荡的局面。后北洋政府、国民党政府,都没有解决乡村治理和经济衰败问题,这为中国共产党发动农民革命提供了成功的条件。1949年中华人民共和国成立以后,中国共产党通过彻底的土地改革,实现了将现代政府权力下延到乡村、直接面对农民的乡村治理结构。"人民公社"虽能有效控制农民,但不能激励农民的生产积极性,导致了在后来的改革中放弃"政社合一"的人民公社制度。2004年以来,中国进入了工业"反哺"农业、城市支持乡村的新的历史时期,国家与农民关系由以"取"为主向以"予"为主转变,中国农村的基层治理目标和职能也发生了根本性变化。这种历史性的变化,要求我们在农村基层治理结构和政策方面做出相应调整,以保证国家"反哺"资金发挥出应有的效益,这也是今天建设社会主义新农村面临的最重要的问题之一。

The relationship between the state and farmers as well as the intermediate link（the rural grass-root organizations） has changed basically along with the dramatic change of the nature of the nation in China since 1840.Facing with the downfall and turbulence in rural areas,the Beiyang government and Kuomintang government couldn＇t solve the problem of overall decay of economy and rural governance,which created conditions for the successful farmer revolution led by the Communist Party of China.After 1949,the CPC established a new structure of rural governance and introduced the authority of modern government directly into countryside by land reform.People＇s Commune could control farmers efficiently,but could not encourage the famers＇ production enthusiasm,which led to the abolishment of this system during the course of reform since 1978.China entered a new era of reversal feeding from the year of 2004： industry nurturing agriculture and city supporting countryside.The relationship between the state and farmers changed from ＂taking＂ to ＂giving＂.At the same time,the objective and function of rural governance in China has also changed enormously.We should adjust policy and rural governance structure so that we can take good advantage of ＂reversal feeding＂ fund,which is one of the most important problems during the course of new socialist countryside construction.