春神句芒论考

The Textual Research on Spring God Goumang

句芒是人面鸟身的神话人物。他是一个有着多重神格的神祗，既是创世神和造物神、掌管万物生长的木神、主管春天的春神，又是能给人“锡寿”的生命之神。句芒原是东夷部族中以乌为图腾的族群的祖先神．连云港将军崖岩画留下了他最早的形象。在商周秦汉王朝多次的讨伐征战中，有着高度文明的东夷被灭国、迁君，东夷人遣散、流徙，逐渐融入华夏部族，句芒信仰也被华夏族群所接受，句芒由东夷人的东方之神转变为中华民族共有的春神。东汉时期五行观念盛行，对句芒信仰发生过重要影响，句芒成为立春迎春仪式中的春神。句芒在北宋一度消失，于南宋再起，但演变为一个与“土牛”同等级别的俗神。在当代社会条件下。浙江衢州郊区的梧桐祖殿成为我国唯一尚存的句芒信仰的保留地，进入国家非物质文化遗产名录的推荐名单，在国家层面上受到保护。

Goumang, a mythical character with human being＇s face and bird＇s body, has a multi-godhood： the Creator of the world, wood god in charge of the growing of everything, spring god responsible for the season and the god of life affords long life for all living beings at the same time. Originally as an ancestor god of one ethnic group having bird totem in East Yi tribe, Goumang left his initial image in Lianyungang general cliff rock paintings. In the wars with Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han, highly civilized East Yi was defeated, demobilized, scatted and integrated into Huaxia tribe step by step. During this course, the belief of Goumang was accepted by Huaxia tribe and changed from eastern god of East Yi into spring god of the Chinese nation. In East Han period, seriously influenced by Five Elements concept that was prevailing at that time, Goumang became spring god at the ceremony of ＂beginning of spring＂. In North Song, this belief disappeared, but it was revived in South Song and developed into a secular god which has a same position as Earth Ox. Today, Wutong ancestor hall in the suburban area of Quzhou in Zhejiang province is the only preserved place for Goumang belief, and it has been introduced national intangible cultural heritage list of recommendation items. That means it will be protected on the state-level.