朱子心性论的结构及其内在张力

The Structure of Mind-heart and Its Internal Tensions in Zhu Xi's Philosophy

本文试图对朱子关于心、性的结构及其关系的学说提出一些新的见解。按照传统理解,朱子属于理学,阳明属于心学;在理学中心、性是分离的,而在心学中心即是性。这种见解大体不误,能够揭示两派的特点。

In Zhu Xi's Philosophy,the mind-heart has three kinds of meaning,namely,a physical body denoting its material constitution,a dwelling place in which principles or man's nature endowed by heaven locate,and a conscious entity signifying its active abilities such as thinking or initiating an action. The conscious entity,too,has three kinds of meaning,which are respectively cognitive ability,will,and moral body or practical reason. By Zhu Xi,the relationships between the mind-heart and the heavenly nature constitute a dynamic and tensional process of identification and dichotomy of the two. Substantially and originally,the mind-heart and the heavenly nature should be unified as one,and since the human nature in its reality is directly a 'physical nature' but not the one endowed by heaven,they are separated from each other. Accordingly,Zhu Xi put forward a theory of self-cultivation,aiming at the self-awareness of the mind-heart and it's identification with the heavenly nature. Generally speaking,from his viewpoint,the mind-heart,in a state of clear and pure consciousness,is identical with heavenly nature; but when in a state of obstruction by selfishness,is not. The mind-heart in the former is at the same time man's practical reason,so whenever it initiates conduct,it initiates the moral one only.