摘要
2009年美国监狱在押人员总数为230万人,如果将正在缓刑或者假释的人员计算在内,总数达到730万人以上。2009年美国的监禁率是0.748%,居世界之首①。美国监禁人口的空前增长给国家发展带来了不良影响。监禁的规模之大已经对整个社会产生了重大影响,带来了社会的、法律的甚至是道德维度的改变。犯罪率的增长只是影响美国高监禁率的一个诱因,根本原因在于刑罚理论向古典主义思想的回归。现代刑罚理论应该融合报应与预防于一身,而不应过分强调任何一方,"钟摆效应"可以比较准确地反映刑罚理论的历史运动规律。古典主义的刑罚轻缓化属于刑种的轻缓化,20世纪70年代后期的折中主义或者新古典主义刑罚理论的历史使命应该是继续减少犯罪和刑度的轻缓化——即减少监禁刑的使用。
Villages in City has played a positive role during their early formation,But it is less and less compatible with the needs of modern urban economic development, urban construction, social management. Reconstructing Villages in City is imperative. According to the main body of reconstruction, reconstruction of Villages in City contains such three modes as Government-oriented Mode, Developer-oriented Mode and Villagers’ Committee-oriented Mode. There are advantages and disadvantages in each mode for case that we reconstruct the Villages in City,and we must consider the overall balance in the relationship of each aspect and each section for reconstruction.
出处
《河南社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2011年第1期109-113,218,共5页
Henan Social Sciences
