清末诉讼法改革对于律师制度的借鉴——以1906年《大清刑事民事诉讼法草案》为视角

On the Lawyer System in the Procedure Law Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty——from the Perspective of the Draft of Criminal and Civil Procedure Law in Qing Dynasty of 1906

在清末立法改革的背景下,《大清刑事民事诉讼法草案》作为第一部正式明确规定律师制度的草案而备受争议,虽然这部草案因为种种原因未能实施,但却成为近代中国律师制度的起点。如何将封建法时代的讼师平稳转化为近代的律师是一个横跨实体法和程序法的交叉领域,也会出现正式的官方制度和非正式的民间制度之间的博弈。该草案关于律师制度的种种规定很大程度上借鉴了日本的经验,但却没有收到预期的效果。以沈家本为代表的立法者和以张之洞为代表的执行者之间围绕此草案产生巨大争议,其背后的实质在于此草案的内容与当时的社会现实之间存在巨大鸿沟。向日本学习立法经验不但需要借鉴它的成果,更重要的是需要了解它的过程和融会理解它的方式。

During the legislative reform in the late Qing Dynasty,the Draft of Criminal and Civil Procedure Law in Qing Dynasty was the first official document to regulate the lawyer system,which aroused much controversy.Though the Draft failed to be implemented for some reason,it initiated the lawyer system in modern China.The smooth transformation from litigation masters of feudalism to modern lawyers involved both substantive and procedural law,as well as the game between formal official system and informal civic norms.This Draft took much experience from Japan but did work so well.Great controversies arose between Shen jia-ben who stood for legislation and Zhang zhi-dong who supported execution,which demonstrated the huge gap between the regulations and the social reality at that particular time.Thus,it is better to learn from Japan the process of integration than mere accomplishments.