1949年—1979年的中国城市文化:历程与反思——以上海为中心

Chinese Urban Culture Between 1949 and 1979:Process and Reflection,with Focus upon Shanghai

在1949年至1979年之间,中国的城市与城市文化的建设力图走一条社会主义城市之路,从而摆脱资本主义城市文化所具有的一系列问题。这条路以社会主义公有制和计划经济为基础,以城市工人阶级为主体,以集体主义为精神指导,消解消费文化,反对商品经济下的个人主义与享乐主义,贯彻社会主义的价值观与道德观。在文化体制上,控制娱乐业与娱乐文化,将文化生产与市场脱离开,使其成为国家事业单位。在城市管理上,建立以户籍制为核心,以街道、单位、派出所、居委会为主要部门的完善的城市管理体制,抑制城市公共空间,扼制非政府组织,从而实现对城市的充分管理。由此建立起一个稳定的、生产型的、平均主义的,并且具有高度的组织化、高度的凝聚力,在经济上得到保障的新型城市与城市文化。在这种城市文化中,社会犯罪率低,没有色情、赌博、黑社会、吸毒等城市病,没有贫富分化,没有腐败。尽管这种文化形态历史性地转型了,但其一部分成就,对于当下与未来的城市文化建设仍然有借鉴意义。

From 1949 to 1980,the cities in China made much effort to construct their urban culture by following the socialist road,in an attempt to avoid a series of problems of capitalist urban culture.This kind of culture was based on the socialist public ownership and the planned economy.It was dominated by the working class under the spirit of collectivism.It was against individualism and hedonism typical of consumer economy.It was guided by the socialist values and socialist morality.In this culture, recreational business was strictly controlled,and cultural production was divorced from the cultural market.A complete urban management system was established in which household registering served as the core,and neighbourhoods,units at various levels, police stations,and local residents＇ committees were the main sectors.Public space was restricted and non - government organizations controlled.Thus,a stable,production -based,and highly organized city and urban culture emerged,where equalitarianism was practised and every resident＇ s livelihood was guaranteed.In this kind of urban culture,the crime rate was low,for there were no such urban diseases as salacity,gambling,criminal syndicates,and drug abuse;people were not divided into the rich and the poor;there was no corruption at all.Though this type of culture was transformed historically,yet some of its achievements are still significant and can be used for reference in the construction of urban culture at present and in the future.