清代满人的“中国认同”

The Manchus' National Identity in Qing Dynasty

美国的部分"新清史"学者总爱笼统强调中国与"大清"始终为两回事,不能混为一谈,这就必然涉及到清代满人的"中国认同"问题。本文对这一认同形成发展的过程与特点,进行了较为专门系统的考察和分析,认定它与满人自身的族群认同并不矛盾且处于不同层次;以"满洲帝国"称大清,严格说来并不符合入关后特别是康熙中叶以后满人正式的国家认同之实际。从某种意义上说,将更为广阔地区的"非汉人"族群彻底有效地陶铸成"中国人",使他们以主人翁的姿态公开认同并满足于"中国"的身份,且在清末实现一定程度的现代性转换,不仅是清朝超越以往中国各王朝主导族群的"满人特性"独特作用的结晶,也恰恰正是体现其统治时期最为鲜明的"中国特性"所在,不能把两者简单对立起来。

Some scholars of the ＂New Qing History＂ approaches tend to emphasize grossly on the fundamental difference between China and ＂ the Great Qing＂. Such a notion could derive from a partial understanding of ＂the national identity＂ of the Manchus in the Qing dynasty. This article identifies two coexisted identities found in the Qing by examining the evolution of the Manchus＇ self identity： the ethnic identity as an expression of the Manchu＇s characteristic and greater China as the national identity. These two identities were on different levels. Strictly speaking, the scholarly using of ＂the Manchu Empire＂ as the designation of ＂the Great Qing＂ is not congruous with the Manchu＇s history since the Shunzhi reign, and especially not so since the mid of the Kangxi reign. As a matter of fact, The Qing dynasty successfully brought the non-Han Chinese of a vast territory with a Chinese identity openly accepted in the manner of being part of China＇s orthodoxy history. This sense of national identity was consolidated in a series of international confrontations and modernized at the end of the Qing dynasty.