清代的帝王庙祭与国家政治文化认同

Temple Sacrifices of Emperors of Former Dynasties and Self-identity of the National Political Culture of the Qing Dynasty

清统治者继承中国古代特别是明代以来祭祀先代圣帝明王的传统,入关之初即在京城建造历代帝王庙,并多次对入祀的历代帝王和配飨名臣进行调整和增补,最终建构了一个包括少数民族王朝在内的历代帝王一脉相承、绵延不绝的完整统绪,同时确定了配飨名臣的人选。清代对历代帝王以及配飨名臣的祭祀,昭示出多重的目的和用意。既有对人臣的劝诫、激励作用,也有对人君的借鉴和警示用心。而最根本的则是对治统、道统的重视和强调,反映了清统治者对中华统绪的认同和对中华文明的归属。

The Qing rulers inherited a Ming tradition of sacrificing the former＂sage rulers＂after they entered into Beijing in 1644. The temple of former emperors of the successive dynasties had been constructed,and the list of＂sage rulers＂ and their＂famous ministers＂to be offered sacrifices was regulated to serve the political need of the Qing dynasty. By many rounds of increasing and reconfiguring the former rulers and ministers,Qing rulers eventually built up a genealogy of sagely rulership that included many rulers of former dynasties established by minority ethnic groups in China＇s history. This final structure of temple sacrifices of former emperors had its multi-facets meanings. The selection of＂famous ministers＂had set up moral models for the bureaucrats,and the＂sage rulers＂,examples and critical sources for the later emperors. By enhancing its legitimacy through this tradition,Qing rulers fundamentally supported the political culture with a clear identity of Confucius orthodoxy and Chinese civilization.