清太宗皇太极的太庙仪式和堂子--关于满汉两种仪式的共处情况

The Sacrificial Shrine of the Imperial Clan and Rituals Performed by Hong Taiji in the Imperial Ancestral Temple: Co-existing Situation of Manchu and Chinese Rituals

本文通过探讨清朝第二代君主皇太极在太庙祭奠祖灵、进献供品的具体情况,考察了当时清朝内外的政治情况和皇太极本人的宗教观。皇太极在当时导入中华王朝式的仪式,有意识地创造了和满族传统仪式共处的状况。祭天仪式也好,祭祀祖先也罢,并没有排除满族传统的仪式,也没有使两者融合。原因在于保持民族意识须要满族传统的仪式,而为了成为中华世界的政权须要中华王朝式的仪式,二者皆其需要。皇太极虽然很热诚地导入中华王朝式的仪式,但根本上还是灵活地站在其基于满族政权现实的需要上。

This paper examines the political situation of Hong Taiji＇s Reign and his concept of religion by describing how Hong Taiji treated his ancestral spirits in the Imperial Ancestral Temple and how he made offerings to them. Hong Taiji introduced into later Jin Dynasty Chinese rituals and made them co-existing with Manchu traditional rituals. In the Heaven and ancestral offerings,neither did he exclude the Manchu rituals,nor infused Chinese and Manchu rituals into one. Hong Taiji needed the traditional rituals to maintain Manchu ethnic identity,and the Chinese rituals to be approved as a new dynasty in greater China. Although Hong Taiji was a great advocate of the Chinese rituals,he took a rather realistic and utilitarian attitude toward introducing Chinese rituals into the Manchu regime.