试论哈罗德·布鲁姆的“文学终结”观——与希利斯·米勒“文学终结”观比较

On Harold Bloom's Idea of Literature Terminating——Compared with Hillis Miller's Idea of Literature Terminating

与希利斯·米勒一样,哈罗德·布鲁姆也对当前电子媒介时代和后现代社会文化语境下文学以及文学批评和研究的命运"危机"给予了理论观照和关注,并表达了与"文学终结"论相类似的理论观点。但与希利斯·米勒不同的是,哈罗德·布鲁姆的"终结"论论述的对象主体——文学——只指高雅/精英文化文学,并奉"崇高"为其惟一或主要的美学内质与特征;而且,布鲁姆认为文学"终结"的原因是多元化的:诱发和导致文学"终结"危机的原因,不仅来自文学外部的社会文化语境(即电子时代的来临,电子文化消费产品的风行),而且还来自文学内部。他指出,文学的衰落与消亡主要指的是高雅文化文学的终结,而大众文化文学在后现代的消费文化社会语境中的急遽繁殖、复制和扩张,和它通过经典化的文学制度以及文学教育体制对高雅文化文学的挤压、替代,尤其是当代文学(批评)的意识形态化,是导致高雅文化文学终结的重要原因。而对这些来自文学内外的诱因,他是极力反对的。布鲁姆反后现代美学的"文学终结"论有其局限性,但在当下社会文化语境中也有其价值和意义。

As Hillis Miller does, Harold Bloom also theoretically pays attention to the crisis of literature,literary criticism and research in the current electronic media times and in the post-modern social and cultural context, and also expresses some viewpoints similar to the idea of literature terminating. But different from Hillis Miller＇ s idea, Harold Bloom＇ s idea of literature terminating lays stress on discussing elite culture and literature, and accepts the sublime as its sole or main aesthetic characteristic;furthermore,he thinks that literature terminating is caused by a lot of reasons,including literature＇ s interior reasons as well as exterior social and cultural context（ namely, advent of the electronic times,popularity of electronic products）. He points out that literature＇ s decline and extermination mainly means termination of elite culture and literature, which is chiefly caused by the wide spread of popular cul- ture and literature and its substitution for elite literature （crit, cism）. He strongly opposes these diverse causes. Bloom＇ s idea of literature terminating against post-modern aesthetics has its flaws and its value as well in the current social and cuhural context.