环境正义之经济分析的重构:经济典范的盲点及其超克——环境正义面面观之四

The Reconstitution of Economic Analysis for Environmental Justice

随着美国环境正义行政命令的公布,环境正义这个概念在美国也渐次制度化。但制度化所伴随而来的,不是争论的平息,反倒是更严峻的挑战。1990年中期之后,新自由主义者对传统理论群起攻之。总的来看,他们认为以往的理论过于抽象与空泛,以致于无法落实。为了导正此缺点,新一派的学者建议在环境正义的讨论上引入经济学思考,俾使抽象的规范性概念能在具体政策上实现。然而,由于经济学典范过度强调牺牲区域的存在与金钱补偿的重要,使得他们的论点充满反环保与不正义的因子。换言之,把经济推理施用在环境正义理论上,可能会使我们对正义的讨论失焦,还可能使原有的不正义问题更加恶化。为了让前述两个互不相让的理论重新对焦并展开对话,本文尝试梳理隐藏在经济学推理中的偏见,并试图寻找传统理论与经济理论之间的接点。

After President Clinton proclaimed Executive Order 12898 in 1994,environmental justice（EJ） gradually made the transition from street-level struggles to a legal commitment which could hold its ground against a barrage of challenges to its authority.In fact,the debate revolving around EJ is by no means over,but has become even more intense.As some have pointed,after reaching its high-water mark,EJ may now be entering the most difficult phase of its early history.In the aftermath of this Executive Order,neo-liberalists and EJ proponents were struggling for the definition of what EJ should really mean in practice.Neo-liberalist opponents urge decision-makers to infuse economic reasoning into EJ policies.This argument soon invited bitter criticisms,as economics has long been considered by some as anti-environment and injustice.This article presents a coherent framework within which an appropriate linkage between EJ and economics could be found.This linkage,we argue,provides a useful point of departure for further discussion.