时代变迁与物权客体的重新界定

Epoch Change and Redefinition of Property-Right Object

从罗马法到近代私法的物权客体范围的演进,确立的是以"有体物"为标准的物权客体的范围,有体物之外的"物"或被严格排除在物权客体之外而以特例规定设定物权,或以拟制手段纳入物权客体范围。在现代物权法上界定物权客体,不仅需要把握物的自然属性,更重要的是能够使价值化、观念化和虚拟化的新类型的"财产"能够进入物权客体的内涵之中。以"财产"概念代替"物"的概念来指称物权客体,以使物权客体具有更强的时代包容性,这实际上是对《物权法》第二条规定的理论概括,即把第二条所称的"物"和法律特别规定的能够成为物权客体的"权利"用一个统一的概念予以界定。

What the evolution of the object scope of property right from the ancient Roman Law to modern Private Law has brought about is that by the criterion of corporal or material property （＂res corporales＂）. Others apart from them are either strictly treated as special cases outside the area of property-right object or as part of it but in a restricted manner. The concept of property-right object defined in modern times should not only handle its natural attribute （such as the substantiality）, but also, as a new type of ＂estate＂, concern its value, conceptualization, and fictitiousness. The replacement of ＂cotpus＂ （material, substance） with ＂estate＂ for referring to property-right object hence makes the latter more tolerant in scope, which is indeed a theoretical generalization of the second item of the Law of Property Right, namely, to use a general term to cover ＂right＂ as well instead of ＂cotpus＂ （material property） only.