基于GIS的社区居民避震疏散区划方法及应用研究

Methodology of Earthquake Evacuation Zoning Based on GIS

在快速城市化和地震灾害频发的背景下,灾前人群紧急疏散区划成为防灾减灾规划研究的重要课题。结合当前城市应急疏散设施布局现状,立足于社区夜间避震疏散需求,综合运用GIS空间分析技术,从应急疏散需求分布、疏散空间可达性、疏散优化归属3方面逐步构建居民避震疏散区划方法,并选择上海市内人群和建筑相对密集的陆家嘴街道为对象开展实证研究。从而为城市防震减灾规划的避难设施优化布局和应急疏散预案编制提供科学适用的技术手段。

With rapid urbanization and frequent earthquake disasters, the pre-disaster study of emergency evacuation has become a substantial topic of disaster prevention and mitigation in urban area. Most of the previous studies emphasized large-scale evacuation involving one or more urban areas, while the research that is specific to basic level district, such as a community, is obviously inadequate in terms of evacuation accuracy, efficiency and strategies. In this paper, based on the current layout of emergency evacuation facilities and nighttime evacuation demands in urban community, we used GIS spatial analysis technology to develop a systematical methodology for community evacuation against earthquake. The methodology emphasized the following aspects： the distribution analysis of emergency evacuation demands, the calculation of shelters＇ space accessibility, and the optimization of evacuation destinations. Meanwhile, we applied the methodology to Lujiazui Street of Pudong New District, Shanghai in China. Consequently, the study showed that the proposed methodology could be used to formulate the pre-event planning for earthquake disasters＇ prevention and mitigation on community scale, especially for organizing a rapid and smooth evacuation, and optimizing the location allocation of shelters.