水产生态养殖技术的应用分析

Ecological engineering in aquaculture—Potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture(IMTA) in marine offshore systems

本文是Max Troell等发表于Aquaculture 2009年第297期第1-9页"Ecological engineering in aquaculture-Potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture(IMTA)in marine offshore systems"一文的译文。原作者分析指出:随着海水养殖业的迅速扩张,离岸水产养殖装备被广泛关注,同时,陆基和沿岸水产生态养殖技术(IMTA)也日益受到关注。该系统将吃食性鱼类、浮游和底栖动物、海藻等物种适当混养,可以把高营养级物种养殖中废弃的营养物质转化成具有经济价值的低营养级作物产品,这将会显著提高水产养殖的可持续性,具有潜在的生态、社会和环境效益。离岸IMTA养殖面临一些在沿岸系统中存在的问题,此外,海洋暴露的自然环境增加了技术和经济上的挑战。虽然已经开发了多种技术以应对离岸不利的环境条件,但在养殖场地设计上仍然面临许多挑战,需要将藻类和贝类等吸收物种整合到水产养殖系统,并能抵抗海洋强大的拖拽力。近海IMTA的发展需要明确该系统与相似规模的高营养级鱼类单养相比所具有的环境和经济风险及效益。近海IMTA中吸收物种的生物修复功能对海水鱼类单养的经济、社会和环境成本的内化也要检测分析。本次调研结果将有助于判断采用IMTA方法作为离岸水产养殖发展策略的实际价值。本文深入探讨了水产生态养殖技术在离岸水产养殖中的应用现状及存在问题。

The marine aquaculture sector is growing rapidly. Offshore aquaculture installations have been drawing increasing attention from researchers, industry and policy makers as a promising opportunity for large-scale expansion of the aquaculture industry. Meanwhile, there has also been increased interest in both landbased and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture （IMTA）, where fish, plankton, zoobenthos and seaweed can be poly-cultured, and waste nutrient in high level nutrition species will be transferred into low level nutrition species product with economic value. It will significantly improve sustainability of aquaculture, with potentially ecological, social and environmental benefits. Offshore IMTA is facing problems in coastal systems., The exposed nature of the open ocean adds a number of technical and economic challenges. A variety of technologies have been developed to deal with these constraints in offshore environments, but there remains a number of challenges in designing farm sites that will allow extractive species （e.g. seaweeds and shellfish） to be integrated in fed aquaculture systems and be able to withstand the strong drag forces of open oceans. The development of offshore IMTA requires the identification of environmental and economic risks and benefits of such large-scale systems, compared with similarly-scaled monocultures of high trophic-level finfish in offshore systems. The internalizing of economic, social and environmental costs of finfish monoculture production by the bioremediative services of extractive species in IMTA offshore systems should also be examined and analyzed. The results of such investigations will help determine the practical value of adopting the IMTA approach as a strategy for the development of offshore aquaculture. This paper intensively researches the present status and existing problems of aquaculture technology in offshore IMTA.