采用词表法变式研究指向遗忘现象

Studies of Directed Forgetting in a Variant of the List -Method

在组内设计的词表法变式任务中,词表一的项目按语义或知觉特征分为遗忘项和记住项,中间指导语要求被试遗忘词表一某类项目的同时记住另一类项目,指向遗忘效应以词表一记住项与遗忘项的差异来反映。实验一中,词表一项目按语义性质分为记住项和遗忘项,结果显示:与控制组比较,标准词表法实验组词表一记忆受损显著,出现传统意义上的指向遗忘效应;变式实验组词表一记忆部分受损,与控制组差异接近.05显著水平;标准词表法实验组以及变式实验组词表二都没有表现出记忆获益;另外,变式实验组词表一记住项与遗忘项之间差异显著,反映出遗忘指导语效应。实验二发现:在变式任务中,指定被试遗忘词表一某种语义性质的项目,结果出现遗忘指导语效应;但是,在指定被试遗忘某种颜色项目时,结果没有出现遗忘指导语效应。变式任务结果比较好地支持提取抑制理论;同时也反映出,词表一记住项与遗忘项之间的区分度是影响变式情境下指向遗忘效应的重要因素。

In two experiments,we investigated the effect of directed forgetting when a variant of the list method is used.In the variant-list-method,to be forgotten（F） and to be remembered（R） words distinguished by semantic category（in experiment 1 and 2） or perceptual feature（in experiment 2） were presented both in the first list,and subjects received F instruction after the first list.The directed forgetting effect was reflected in poorer memory for F words compared to R words in list 1. The experiment 1 consisted of a 2（word type）×3（group type） mixed factors design.The within-subjects factor of word type had two levels（the first and second list word）,and the between-subjects factor of group type had three levels（control group,standard list method and variant-list-method experimental groups）.The dependent measure was recall of the first/second list words in three groups,and F/R words in variant-list-method experimental group.The results are as follows：（1） compared to control group,the costs of directed forgetting was significant in the standard list-method group,but not in the variant-list-method group;and the benefits of directed forgetting was not significant in two experimental groups.（2） In the variant-list-method group,subjects recalled more R than F words in the first list. The experiment 2 consisted of a 3（word type）×2（forget cue type） mixed factors design.The within-subjects factor of word type had three levels（R/F words in first list and all second list words）,and the between-subjects factor of forget cue type had two levels（semantic and perceptual cue）.The dependent measure was recall of the R/F words in first list,and all words in second list. The results are as follows：（1） Subjects recalled more R than F words in the semantic cue group,but not in the perceptual cue group. （2）No significant difference of performance on the second list words between semantic and perceptual cue groups was found. These results demonstrated that the variant-list-method could be usefully extended to investigate specific mechanism that lead to directed forgetting.