指令类言语行为构成的重新分析

A Study on Constitutions of the Chinese Directive Speech Act

指令类言语行为是言语行为中非常重要的一大类别,但学界对其研究并不充分。指令类言语行为和非指令类言语行为具有三个区别性要素:意图要素、事件状态、主体关系。决定指令行为内部差异的最重要的参数是对"话语权"的强调,即指令行为发出者对"话语权"强调程度的差异在话语层面会显示为不同的指令形式:强调自身话语权力和权势的指令形式,强调对方话语权力和权势的指令形式和模糊双方话语权力和权势的指令形式。在指令度上,指令类言语行为可以分为强指令、一般指令和弱指令三类,而指令度的强弱和直接指令行为与间接指令行为并非简单对应关系,以威胁形式出现的间接指令的强度远远强于直接指令。

The directive speech act is very important in a speech act. Finding its distinctive elements is the most important thing. There are three distinctive elements between directive speech act and non-directive speech act:intention,state and relationship of the speaker and listener. Meanwhile the forms of a directive speech act depend on how to handle the 'discourse power' :stressing the speaker's discourse power,stressing the listener's discourse power or suspending the discourse power. There are different levels in the illocutionary force of a directive speech act,and the force level is not relevant to whether the directive speech is direct or not. An indirect directive act in a threat form is much stronger than a direct directive act.