英美侵权法行为“自身可诉”侵权制度及其合理借鉴——以我国《侵权责任法》的完善为中心

Actionable per se in the Common Law System and Its Reference Meanings:A Perspective from the Tort Liability Act of the PRC

行为自身可诉侵权制度是英美侵权法上别具特色的术语和制度,其特点在于在某些特殊的侵权诉讼中,受害人或原告无需对损害事实的存在承担举证责任,该损害事实的存在或者由法院根据被告的行为直接推定,或者由法院根据合理人标准自由裁量确认。这对保护民事主体十分重要的民事权益及客观上受害人和原告难以实际证明损害事实的侵权类型是十分必要和有益的。我国立法有必要结合我国具体情况,合理借鉴其有益经验,规定在某些特殊情形下受害人无需承担证明损害事实的责任,并具体规定损害名誉侵权,以及我国《侵权责任法》第22条规定的"严重精神损害之诉"属该特殊情形。

Actionable per se is a special term as well as a rule in common law torts system characterized by the fact that in certain cases the victim or plaintiff needs not to bear the burden to prove his/her damage while damage is presumed by the court in accordance with the defendant＇ s behaviors or determined with the court＇ s discretion under the test of reasonable person, which is of great importance to protect private interests for some damage is indeed hard to prove by the victim or plaintiff. It is necessary for China to draw experience from com- mon law countries and provide in accordance with its empirical knowledge that in some conditions the injured need not bear the burden of proof in which defamation and severe moral damage prescribed in Article 15 of the Tort Liability Act of the People＇ s Republic of China should be included.