民间对政府的期望失落与拒俄运动

People's Disappointment to Qing Government and Their Movement of Fighting against Russia

清末以抗外为趋向的爱国风潮,在其发展过程中渐次转向反政府,拒俄运动就是典型的例子。拒俄运动中特别是初期,民众对政府充满期望;与此同时,民间舆论中亦存在另类的异动;随着清廷对俄外交的节节败退,到了1903年拒俄运动第二次高潮之时,民众对政府的态度由倚赖转而为批评;需要强调的是,1903年及之后的拒俄运动中出现了有组织排外的强音。总之,拒俄运动的民众中存在着由倚赖政府向反政府方向的转化,并日趋组织化,清廷最后走向灭亡,上述因素值得深思。

The patriotism which tends to fight against foreign aggression transforms gradually into anti-government during its development in the late Qing dynasty,and the movement of fighting against Russia is the typical example.People are filled with expectation towards government at the preliminary stage of the movement,nevertheless there still exists some different voices.After the successive defeat of Qing Government to Russia in diplomacy,people＇s attitude towards government shifts from dependence to criticism at the second wave of the movement in 1903.It should be stressed that the movement of fighting against foreign aggression becomes well-organized since 1903.All in all,there has the transformation from dependence on government to anti-government among people at the movement of fighting against Russia and the movement is increasingly organized.All the above factors are helpful to speculate the extinction of Qing government.