基于风险的土壤环境质量标准国际比较与启示

Some Thoughts of the Comparison of Risk Based Soil Environmental Standards Between Different Countries

基于风险的土壤环境质量标准是实现污染土壤风险管理的重要手段,已经在发达国家广泛使用.然而由于地理生物、社会文化、行政法规、标准制定的科学基础等差异,各国推导土壤环境质量标准时在基于类似的科学思想指导下的具体风险管理实践却各有特色,导致各国土壤环境质量标准名称和标准值之间存在较大差异.在介绍各国基于风险的土壤环境质量标准名称及推导过程的基础上,从敏感受体、土地利用方式、暴露途径设置等方面详细分析标准值产生差异的原因,建议将国际上众多土壤环境质量标准根据保护对象和风险水平不同分为三类,保护土地可持续利用的目标值,判断是否具有潜在不可接受风险的筛选值和需要采取进一步应对措施的行动值.最后对我国污染土壤风险管理及基于风险的土壤环境质量标准制定提出建议.

Risk-based soil environmental standard is one of the important aspects in contaminated soil management which have already been widely used in many countries.However,because of diversity in geographical,biological,social-cultural,regulatory and scientific aspects among each country,there are great distinctions on both titles and values of these soil environmental standards between different countries.Risk-based soil environmental standards and derivation process were introduced and compared in detail.The variability was analyzed and explained through the comparison of sensitivity risk receptors,land utilizations and pathways of exposure among these countries.We suggest that the risk-based soil environmental standards among the developed countries could be classified as target value,screening value and intervention value,which aim to protect soil for sustainable development in the future,to determine whether there is potential unacceptable risk to specified acceptors,and whether further counter-actions should be conducted,respectively.At last,risk assessment of contaminated soils and establishment of risk-based soil environmental standards in China was proposed.